Table 1. Master Set of 193 Values of c Run Analysis Montgomery and Dolphin Compilation # Experimenter Date "c, km/sec" "error, ±" Value -current No. obs. Method Comments Type 1 Roemer-Setterfield 1675 "307,500" 5400 7707.542 50 1 Setterfield's reworking R 2 Roemer-Froome&Essen 1675 "215,000" ? -84792.458 50 1 Froome & Essen reworking R 3 Cassini 1693 "352,000" 18000 52207.542 50 1 uncorrected P 4 Bradley (first accepted) (KO) 1727 "303,430" 750 3637.542 800 2 8 stars 1726-1727 P 5 Bradley 1726 "301,000" 750 1207.542 800 2 Froome & Essen R 6 Auwers (Kew) 1727 "301,416" 1070 1623.542 800 2 "8 stars, corrected" R* 7 Newcomb 1727 "299,289" 1750 -503.458 800 2 "8 stars, corrected" R 8 Delambre (definitive) 1738 "303,320" 65 3527.542 1000 1 All obs. 1667-1809 P* 9 Bradley (1726-1754) 1740 "300,650" 750 857.542 2300 2 24 stars P 10 Auwers (Wanstead) 1727-47 "300,313" 920 520.542 700 2 "14 stars, weighted mean" R* 11 Busch 1727-47 "303,434" 750 3641.542 800 2 "8 stars, corrected" R 12 Bessel (GO) 1750-54 "300,093" 1150 300.542 250 2 Gamma Draconis R* 13 Peters 1750-54 "299,406" 1150 -386.458 800 2 "8 stars, corrected" R 14 Martin 1759 "303,440" 350 3647.542 50 1 quoted to 0.5 sec. P* 15 Encyclopaedia Britannica 1771 "302,220" 620 2427.542 50 1 Standard value S 16 Lindenau (1750-1816) 1783 "300,460" 160 667.542 330 2 Polaris: many sites P* 17 Folk-Struve (PO) 1841 "300,340" 120 547.542 50 2 5 stars 1840-1842 P* 18 Struve (definitive) PO 1841 "300,270" 250 477.542 298 2 as revised in 1853 R* 19 Struve (PO) 1843 "300,020" 160 227.542 200 2 "corrected value, 300250" P* 20 Lindhagen-Schweizer (PO) 1843 "299,760" 180 -32.458 50 2 corrected 299980 P* 21 Fizeau (Journal value) 1849.5 "315,300" 10000 15507.542 14 3 Base = 8633 meters P 22 Fizeau. (textbook value) 1849.5 "313,300" 10000 13507.542 14 3 'rough approximation' R 23 Fizeau (often omitted) 1855 "305,650" 5000 5857.542 25 3 only quoted 1927 S 24 Fizeau (bad citation?) 1855 "298,000" 5000 -1792.458 25 3 Foucault 1862? S 25 Weber/Kohlrausch 1856 "310,700" 20000 10907.542 33 7 Q of E method P 26 Nyren-Peters (PO) 1858 "299,800" 190 7.542 50 2 corrected 300030 P* 27 Glasenapp (1848-1873) 1861 "300,050" 150 257.542 320 1 "reworked, 320 eclipses" P* 28 Glasenapp-Newcomb 1861 "300,096" 150 303.542 320 1 Newcomb's reworking R 29 Glasenapp-Kulikov 1861 "299,904" 150 111.542 320 1 Kulikov's reworking R 30 Foucault (P. rejected) 1862.8 "298,000" 500 -1792.458 80 4 "B = 20 m, D = 0.7 mm." P 31 Newcomb (1862-1867) (W0) 1864.5 "299,870" 130 77.542 250 2 weighted average P* 32 Gylden (PO) 1866.5 "301,050" 200 1257.542 50 2 corrected 301280 P* 33 Nyren/Gylden (PO) 1868 "299,440" 200 -352.458 50 2 corrected 299660 P* 34 Maxwell 1868 "284,000" 20000 -15792.458 12 7 Electrometric method. P 35 W.Thomson/King 1869 "280,900" 8300 -18892.458 33 7 Electrometric method. P 36 Nyren-Wagner 1861-1879 1870 "299,980" 60 187.542 950 2 best ± by this method P* 37 Cornu (Rejected) 1872 "298,500" 1000 -1292.458 658 3 'crude apparatus' P 38 Nyren (PO) 1873 "299,580" 200 -212.458 50 2 corrected 299810 P* 39 McKichan 1874 "289,700" 6800 -10092.458 33 7 Electrometric method. P 40 Cornu 1874.8 "300,400" 300 607.542 208 3 working to 4 figs. P 41 Cornu-Helmert 1874.8 "299,990" 200 197.542 208 3 Base = 22910 meters R 42 Cornu-Dorsey 1874.8 "299,900" 200 107.542 208 3 revision in 1944 R* 43 Harvard (1844-1909) 1876.5 "299,921" 13 128.542 500 1 official reduction P* 44 Sampson (1844-1909) 1876.5 "300,011" 13 218.542 500 1 1909 reworking R 45 Michelson (rejected) 1878 "300,140" 480 347.542 10 4 "B = 152.4 m, D = 7.5 mm" P 46 Rowland 1879 "298,400" 3400 -1392.458 33 7 Q of E method P 47 Hockin 1879 "296,700" 3000 -3092.458 33 7 Capacities method P 48 Ayrton/Perry 1879 "296,000" 3000 -3792.458 33 7 Capacities method P 49 Michelson 1879.5 299990 200 197.542 1000 4 Birge's value? R 50 Michelson 1879.5 "299,910" 50 117.542 1000 4 "B = 605.4 m, D = 13.32 cm." P* 51 Michelson-Dorsey 1879.5 "299,900" 200 107.542 1000 4 Dorsey's correction R 52 Nyren (PO) 1879.5 "299,440" 200 -352.458 50 2 corrected 299660 P* 53 Young/Forbes (P. reject) 1880 "301,382" 2000 1589.542 12 3 Base = 5484 meters P 54 Shida 1880 "295,500" 3000 -4292.458 33 7 Electrometric method. P 55 Nyren (PO) 1880.5 "299,480" 130 -312.458 50 2 corrected 299700 P* 56 Stoletov 1881 "299,000" 2000 -792.458 33 7 Capacities method P 57 Newcomb (doubtful av.) 1881.8 "299,810" 50 17.542 189 4 "B = 2550.95 m, D = 18 cm" P 58 Newcomb-Dorsey 1881.8 "299,780" 80 -12.458 ? 4 Meas. rejected by Newcomb R 59 Exner 1882 "287,000" 23000 -12792.458 33 7 Electrometric method. P 60 Newcomb (full approval) 1882.7 "299,860" 30 67.542 66 4 "B = 3721.21 m, D = 18 cm" P* 61 Michelson 1882.8 "299,853" 60 60.542 563 4 "B = 624.65 m, D = 13.8 cm." P* 62 Michelson-Dorsey 1882.8 "299,850" 250 57.542 563 4 Dorsey's correction R 63 Nyren (definitive) 1883 "299,850" 90 57.542 2000 2 Obs. of 24 stars P* 64 J.J.Thomson 1883 "296,400" 20000 -3392.458 33 7 Capacities method P 65 Klemencic 1884 "301,880" 1500 2087.542 33 7 Capacities method P 66 Colley 1886 "301,500" 6000 1707.542 33 7 E.O. method P 67 Himstedt 1887 "300,570" 750 777.542 33 7 Capacities method P 68 Thomson et al. 1888 "292,000" 5250 -7792.458 33 7 Electrometric method. P 69 W.Thomson 1889 "300,500" 1000 707.542 33 7 Electrometric method. P 70 Rosa 1889 "300,000" 800 207.542 33 7 Capacities method P 71 Doolittle (FO) 1889.5 "300,460" 130 667.542 1445 2 Zenith telescope P* 72 Marcuse (BO) 1889.5 "299,870" 180 77.542 50 2 corrected 300100 P* 73 Kustner (BO) 1889.5 "299,870" 260 77.542 50 2 corrected 300100 P* 74 J.J.Thomson/Searle 1890 "299,600" 600 -192.458 23 7 Capacities method P 75 Comstock 1890.5 "300,560" 170 767.542 50 2 18 star pairs P* 76 Blondlot 1891 "302,200" 8500 2407.542 12 6 line base = 25 m. P 77 Pellat 1891 "300,920" 600 1127.542 33 7 Electrometric method. P 78 Preston (HO) 1891.5 "300,750" 730 957.542 50 2 0.05 arc sec error P* 79 Becker (SO) 1891.5 "300,170" 200 377.542 50 2 corrected 300390 P* 80 Marcuse (BO) 1891.5 "299,640" 130 -152.458 50 2 corrected 299870 P* 81 Batterman (BO) 1891.5 "299,630" 170 -162.458 50 2 corrected 299850 P* 82 Chandler (BO) 1891.5 "299,630" 170 -162.458 50 2 corrected 299850 P* 83 Abraham 1892 "299,850" 350 57.542 33 7 Capacities method P 84 Becker (SO) 1892.5 "300,090" 180 297.542 50 2 corrected 300320 P* 85 Davidson (SFO) 1893 "300,020" 200 227.542 50 2 corrected 300250 P* 86 Blondlot 1893 "297,200" 5500 -2592.458 8 6 line base = 1029 m. P 87 Rhys/Davis (FO) 1894.5 "300,430" 190 637.542 50 2 Talcott's method P 88 Trowbridge/Duane 1895 "300,395" 5600 602.542 7 6 line base = 58.6 m. P* 89 Rhys/Jacobi/Davis (FO) 1896 "300,170" 150 377.542 50 2 corrected 300390 P* 90 Rhys/Davis (FO) 1896.5 "300,170" 170 377.542 50 2 corrected 300390 P* 91 Hurmuzescu 1897 "300,100" 300 307.542 65 7 Electrometric method P 92 Saunders 1897 "299,795" 3300 2.542 6 6 line = 1101-2223 m. P* 93 Grachev/Kowalski (KO) 1897 "300,150" 100 357.542 16038 2 latitude studies P* 94 Webster 1898 "302,590" 3000 2797.542 33 7 E.O. method P 95 Perot/Fabry 1898 "299,730" 300 -62.458 33 7 Electrometric method P 96 Rhys/Davis (FO) 1898.5 "300,170" 170 377.542 50 2 corrected 300390 P* 97 Grachev (KO) 1898.5 "299,380" 100 -412.458 50 2 corrected 299600 P* 98 Lodge/Glazebrook 1899 "300,900" 12000 1107.542 33 7 E.O. method P 99 Grachev (KO) 1899 "300,110" 100 317.542 50 2 corrected 300330 P* 100 Maclean 1899 "299,195" 5000 -597.458 8 6 Free space method P* 101 Perrotin-Prim (rejected) 1900.4 "300,032" 215 239.542 770 3 discarded analysis P 102 Perrotin-Prim/Dorsey 1900.4 "300,000" 1000 207.542 ? 2 "Dorsey, P/P rejected data" R 103 Perrotin 1900.4 "299,900" 80 107.542 770 3 Base = 11862.2 m. R* 104 Internat. Lat. Service 1900.5 "299,480" 60 -312.458 50 2 corrected 299700 P* 105 " Perrotin, 1900.4-1902.4 " 1901.4 "299,880" 50 87.542 2002 3 mean of two series S 106 Doolittle (FO) 1901.5 "299,540" 130 -252.458 50 2 corrected 299760 P* 107 Internat Lat. Service 1901.5 "299,440" 60 -352.458 50 2 corrected 299660 P* 108 Perrotin-Prim 1902.4 "299,901" 84 108.542 1232 3 analysis retained P 109 Perrotin 1902.4 "299,860" 80 67.542 1233 3 Base = 45950.7 m. R* 110 Doolittle (FO) 1903 "299,360" 130 -432.458 50 2 corrected 299590 P* 111 Ogburn (FO) 1904.5 "300,250" 170 457.542 50 2 corrected 300480 P* 112 Doolittle (PO) 1905 "300,080" 130 287.542 50 2 weighted average P* 113 Bonsdorf (PO) 1905 "299,710" 100 -82.458 50 2 corrected 299940 P* 114 Rosa/Dorsey 1906 "299,788" 10 -4.458 869 7 Froome & Essen P 115 Rosa/Dorsey 1906 "299,803" 30 10.542 869 7 Best ± for item 7; F&E R* 116 Doolittle (FO) 1906 "299,760" 130 -32.458 50 2 corrected 299980 P* 117 Bonsdorf et al. (PO) 1906.5 "299,650" 120 -142.458 50 2 corrected 299880 P* 118 Doolittle (FO) 1907 "299,670" 130 -122.458 50 2 corrected 299890 P* 119 Bayswater (I.L.S.) 1907 "299,550" 100 -242.458 50 2 corrected 299780 P* 120 Orlov (PO) 1907.5 "299,860" 120 67.542 50 2 corrected 300090 P* 121 Internat. Lat. Service 1907.5 "299,360" 60 -432.458 50 2 corrected 299590 P* 122 Doolittte (FO) 1908 "299,630" 180 -162.458 50 2 corrected 299850 P* 123 Semenov (PO) 1908.5 "299,460" 150 -332.458 50 2 corrected 299690 P* 124 Internat. Lat. Service 1908.5 "299,410" 60 -382.458 50 2 corrected 299630 P* 125 Doolittle (FO) 1909 "299,440" 130 -352.458 50 2 corrected 299660 P* 126 Zemtsov (PO) 1909.5 "299,730" 200 -62.458 50 2 corrected 299950 P* 127 Semenov (PO) 1909.5 "299,610" 190 -182.458 50 2 corrected 299840 P* 128 Doolittle (PO) 1910 "299,710" 120 -82.458 50 2 corrected 299940 P* 129 Numerov (PO) 1914 "299,640" 200 -152.458 50 2 corrected 299870 P* 130 Tsimmerman (PO) 1916 "299,520" 200 -272.458 50 2 corrected 299750 P* 131 Kulikov (PO) 1922 "299,550" 60 -242.458 28542 2 corrected 299780 P* 132 Mercier 1923 "299,700" 30 -92.458 60 6 notin vacuo P 133 Mercier 1923 "299,795" 30 2.542 60 6 Best ± for item 6. F&E p48 R* 134 Spencer-Jones (GO) 1923.5 "299,760" 60 -32.458 50 2 corrected 299980 P* 135 Michelson 1924.6 "299,802" 30 9.542 80 5 Base = 35426.23 m. P* 136 Michelson-Dorsey 1924.6 "299,800" 70 7.542 80 5 Dorsey's correction R 137 Michelson 1926.5 "299,796" 15 3.542 1600 5 Base = 35426.23 m. P 138 Michelson-Birge 1926.5 "299,798" 15 5.542 1600 5 Birge's correction R* 139 Berg (PO) 1926.5 "299,670" 200 -122.458 50 2 corrected 299890 P* 140 " Spencer-Jones, indirect " 1928 "300,090" 150 297.542 50 2 radial velocities P* 141 Mittelstaedt 1928 "299,778" 10 -14.458 775 8 uncorrected P 142 Mittelstaedt-Birge 1928 "299,786" 10 -6.458 775 8 Birge's correction R* 143 " Spencer-Jones, indirect " 1930.5 "299,630" 60 -162.458 50 2 Eros observations P* 144 Pease/Pearson 1932.5 "299,774" 10 -18.458 2885 5 Base = 1610.4 m. P* 145 Sollenberger (W0) 1933 "300,420" 60 627.542 50 2 1915-1951 (zenith) P 146 Romanskaya (PO) 1935 "299,570" 100 -222.458 14783 2 corrected 299790 P* 147 " Rabe, indirect" 1935.5 "299,920" 60 127.542 50 2 gravitational P* 148 Anderson-Birge 1936.8 "299,771" 10 -21.458 651 8 Birge's correction R* 149 HŸttel 1937 "299,768" 10 -24.458 135 8 systematic error P 150 HŸttel-Birge 1937 "299,771" 10 -21.458 ? 8 Birge's correction R* 151 Anderson 1940 "299,776" 10 -16.458 2895 8 systematic error P* 152 Essen/Gordon-Smith 1947 "299,798" 3 5.542 3 9 P* 153 Essen/Gordon-Smith 1947 "299,792" 3 -0.458 4 9 P* 154 Jones 1947 "299,687" 25 -105.458 50 10 Not in vacuo P 155 "Smith, Franklin, Whiting" 1947 "299,695" 50 -97.458 50 10 Not in vacuo P 156 Jones-Cornford 1949 "299,701" 25 -91.458 50 10 Not in vacuo P 157 Bergstrand 1949 "299,796" 2 3.542 72 11 P* 158 Aslakson 1949 "299,792.40" 1.4 -0.058 192 10 P 159 Hansen/Bol 1950 "299,794.30" 1.2 1.842 2 9 Corrected for skin effect P 160 Hansen/Bol 1950 "299,789.30" 1.2 -3.158 2 9 Froome and Essen R* 161 Bergstrand 1950 "299,793.10" 0.26 0.642 58 11 P* 162 Essen 1950 "299,792.50" 1 0.042 5 9 P* 163 McKinley 1950 "299,780.00" 70 -12.458 100 18 spread of 500 km/sec P 164 Houstoun 1950 "299,775.00" 9 -17.458 20 18 spread of 180 km/sec P 165 Aslakson 1951 "299,794.20" 1.4 1.742 192 10 final accepted value P* 166 Bergstrand 1951 "299,793.10" 0.4 0.642 44 11 P* 167 Froome 1951 "299,792.60" 0.7 0.142 36 12 P* 168 "Rank, Ruth, Vander Sluis" 1952 "299,776.00" 6 -16.458 50 13 systematic wavelength errors P 169 Bergstrand (av date) 1953 "299,792.85" 0.16 0.392 48 11 P* 170 Florman 1954 "299,795.10" 3.1 2.642 110 12 P* 171 Froome 1954 "299,792.75" 0.3 0.292 50 12 P* 172 "Rank, Shearer, Wiggins" 1954 "299,789.80" 3 -2.658 50 13 "rerun of 168, error still there" P* 173 Scholdstrom 1955 "299,792.40" 0.4 -0.058 50 11 P* 174 Plyler/Blaine/Connor 1955 "299,792.00" 6 -0.458 58 13 P* 175 Wadley 1956 "299,792.90" 2 0.442 40 14 P* 176 Wadley 1956 "299,792.70" 2 0.242 24 14 P* 177 Edge 1956 "299,792.40" 0.11 -0.058 50 11 P* 178 Edge 1956 "299,792.20" 0.13 -0.258 50 11 P* 179 Rank/Bennett/Bennett 1956 "299,791.90" 2 -0.558 50 13 final correct value of series P* 180 Wadley 1957 "299,792.60" 1.2 0.142 14 14 P* 181 Froome 1958 "299,792.50" 0.1 0.042 21 12 P* 182 Kolibayev (av. date) 1960 "299,792.60" 0.06 0.142 23 11 P* 183 Karolus 1966 "299,792.44" 0.2 -0.018 278 15 P* 184 Simkin et al. 1967 "299,792.56" 0.11 0.102 70 16 P* 185 Grosse 1967 "299,792.50" 0.05 0.042 50 11 P* 186 Bay/Luther/White 1972 "299,792.46" 0.018 0.004 50 17 P* 187 NRC/NBS 1972 "299,792.46" 0.006 0.002 50 17 P* 188 NRC/NBS 1973 "299,792.46" 0.002 0 50 17 P* 189 Evenson et al. 1973 "299,792.46" 0.0011 -0.001 50 17 P* 190 Blaney et al. 1974 "299,792.46" 0.0008 0.001 50 17 P* 191 Woods/Shotton/Rowley 1978 "299,792.46" 0.0002 0.001 64 17 P* 192 Baird/Smith/Whitford 1979 "299,792.46" 0.0019 0 50 17 P* 193 NBS (U. S.) 1983 "299,792.46" 0.0003 0.001 50 17 P* Mean "299,655.676" 31886402027 -2.96859E-09 11652763604 57 146 45 STDEV 7790.47 MSSD 2.7363811 VAR 60691477.11 t Test -0.24 Experiment Type (Method) 0 Unknown The Atomic Clock was first used as the standard in 1967. Statistical Calcs 1 Moons of Jupiter The velocity of light was defined to be a constant in 1983. n1 and n2 2 Aberration "The value chosen for c was 299,792.458 km/sec. " MSSD 2.736381095 Run Test E(r) 69.796 3 Toothed wheel WO Washington Observatory SO Strasburg Observatory 4 Rotating mirror GO Greenich Observatory Ho Honolulu Observatory Run Test Z -5.85 5 Polygonal mirror PO Pulkovo Observatory BO Berlin Observatory 6 Waves on wires FO Flower Observatory SFO San Francisco Observatory t Test -0.24 7 ESU/EMU KO Kazin Observatory 8 Kerr cell cav-co -136.7825 9 Cavity resonator Type of Data n 193 10 Radar P Primary Data P* Primary value preferred by authors (n)exp.5 13.892444 Var(r) 24.55 11 Geodimeter S Secondary Source STDEV 7790.47348 12 Radio interferometer R Reworking of data for P R* Reworking of data preferred by authors 13 Spectral lines 2m 193 14 Tellurometer Outlier m 96.5 15 Modulated light Data lies well outside nearby data points STDEV(r) 6.92810926 16 Microwave 17 Laser Reject 18 Quartz Modulator Value rejected by experimenter or method rejected Table 2. Selected Set of 120 Values of the Velocity of Light Run Analysis Montgomery and Dolphin Selections # Experimenter Date "c, km/sec" error ± Value-Current_Value No. obs Method Comments Type of Data 1 Auwers (Kew) 1727 301416 1070 1623.542 800 2 "8 stars, corrected" R* 2 Auwers (Wanstead) 1737 300313 920 520.542 700 2 "14 stars, weighted mean" R* 3 Delambre (definitive) 1738 303320 65 3527.542 1000 1 All obs. 1667-1809 P* 4 Bessel (GO) 1752 300093 1150 300.542 250 2 Gamma Draconis R* 5 Martin 1759 303440 350 3647.542 50 1 quoted to 0.5 sec. P* 6 Lindenau (1750-1816) 1783 300460 160 667.542 330 2 Polaris: many sites P* 7 Folk-Struve (PO) 1841 300340 120 547.542 50 2 5 stars 1840-1842 P* 8 Struve (definitive) PO 1841 300270 250 477.542 298 2 as revised in 1853 R* 9 Struve (PO) 1843 300020 160 227.542 200 2 uncorrected P* 10 Lindhagen-Schweizer (PO) 1843 299760 180 -32.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 11 Nyren-Peters (PO) 1858 299800 190 7.542 50 2 uncorrected P* 12 Glasenapp (1848-1873) 1861 300050 150 257.542 320 1 "reworked, 320 eclipses" P* 13 Newcomb (1862-1867) (W0) 1864.5 299870 130 77.542 250 2 weighted average P* 14 Gylden (PO) 1866.5 301050 200 1257.542 50 2 uncorrected P* 15 Nyren/Gylden (PO) 1868 299440 200 -352.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 16 Nyren-Wagner 1861-1879 1870 299980 60 187.542 950 2 best ± by this method P* 17 Nyren (PO) 1873 299580 200 -212.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 18 Cornu-Dorsey 1874.8 299900 200 107.542 208 3 revision in 1944 R* 19 Harvard (1844-1909) 1876.5 299921 13 128.542 500 1 official reduction P* 20 Michelson 1879.5 299910 50 117.542 1000 4 "B = 605.4 m, D = 13.32 cm." P* 21 Nyren (PO) 1879.5 299440 200 -352.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 22 Nyren (PO) 1880.5 299480 130 -312.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 23 Newcomb (full approval) 1882.7 299860 30 67.542 66 4 "B = 3721.21 m, D = 18 cm" P* 24 Michelson 1882.8 299853 60 60.542 563 4 "B = 624.65 m, D = 13.8 cm." P* 25 Nyren (definitive) 1883 299850 90 57.542 2000 2 Obs. of 24 stars P* 26 Doolittle (FO) 1889.5 300460 130 667.542 1445 2 Zenith telescope P* 27 Marcuse (BO) 1889.5 299870 180 77.542 50 2 uncorrected P* 28 Kustner (BO) 1889.5 299870 260 77.542 50 2 uncorrected P* 29 Comstock 1890.5 300560 170 767.542 50 2 18 star pairs P* 30 Preston (HO) 1891.5 300750 730 957.542 50 2 0.05 arc sec error P* 31 Becker (SO) 1891.5 300170 200 377.542 50 2 uncorrected P* 32 Marcuse (BO) 1891.5 299640 130 -152.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 33 Batterman (BO) 1891.5 299630 170 -162.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 34 Chandler (BO) 1891.5 299630 170 -162.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 35 Becker (SO) 1892.5 300090 180 297.542 50 2 uncorrected P* 36 Davidson (SFO) 1893 300020 200 227.542 50 2 uncorrected P* 37 Rhys/Davis (FO) 1894.5 300170 190 377.542 50 2 Talcott's method P* 38 Trowbridge/Duane 1895 300395 5600 602.542 7 6 line base = 58.6 m. P* 39 Rhys/Jacobi/Davis (FO) 1896 300170 150 377.542 50 2 uncorrected P* 40 Rhys/Davis (FO) 1896.5 300170 170 377.542 50 2 uncorrected P* 41 Saunders 1897 299795 3300 2.542 6 6 line = 1101-2223 m. P* 42 Grachev/Kowalski (KO) 1897 300150 100 357.542 16038 2 latitude studies P* 43 Rhys/Davis (FO) 1898.5 300390 170 597.542 50 2 uncorrected P* 44 Grachev (KO) 1898.5 299380 100 -412.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 45 Maclean 1899 299195 5000 -597.458 8 6 Free space method P* 46 Grachev (KO) 1899 300110 100 317.542 50 2 uncorrected P* 47 Perrotin 1900.4 299900 80 107.542 770 3 Base = 11862.2 m. R* 48 Internat. Lat. Service 1900.5 299480 60 -312.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 49 Doolittle (FO) 1901.5 299540 130 -252.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 50 Internat Lat. Service 1901.5 299440 60 -352.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 51 Perrotin 1902.4 299860 80 67.542 1233 3 Base = 45950.7 m. R* 52 Doolittle (FO) 1903 299360 130 -432.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 53 Ogburn (FO) 1904.5 300250 170 457.542 50 2 uncorrected P* 54 Doolittle (PO) 1905 300080 130 287.542 50 2 weighted average P* 55 Bonsdorf (PO) 1905 299710 100 -82.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 56 Rosa/Dorsey 1906 299803 30 10.542 869 7 Best ± for item 7; F&E R* 57 Doolittle (FO) 1906 299760 130 -32.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 58 Bonsdorf et al. (PO) 1906.5 299650 120 -142.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 59 Doolittle (FO) 1907 299670 130 -122.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 60 Bayswater (I.L.S.) 1907 299550 100 -242.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 61 Orlov (PO) 1907.5 299860 120 67.542 50 2 uncorrected P* 62 Internat. Lat. Service 1907.5 299360 60 -432.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 63 Doolittte (FO) 1908 299630 180 -162.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 64 Semenov (PO) 1908.5 299460 150 -332.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 65 Internat. Lat. Service 1908.5 299410 60 -382.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 66 Doolittle (FO) 1909 299440 130 -352.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 67 Zemtsov (PO) 1909.5 299730 200 -62.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 68 Semenov (PO) 1909.5 299610 190 -182.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 69 Doolittle (PO) 1910 299710 120 -82.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 70 Numerov (PO) 1914 299640 200 -152.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 71 Tsimmerman (PO) 1916 299520 200 -272.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 72 Kulikov (PO) 1922 299550 60 -242.458 28542 2 uncorrected P* 73 Mercier 1923 299795 30 2.542 60 6 Best ± for item 6. F&E p48 R* 74 Spencer-Jones (GO) 1923.5 299760 60 -32.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 75 Michelson 1924.6 299802 30 9.542 80 5 Base = 35426.23 m. P* 76 Berg (PO) 1926.5 299670 200 -122.458 50 2 uncorrected P* 77 Michelson-Birge 1926.5 299798 15 5.542 1600 5 Birge's correction R* 78 " Spencer-Jones, indirect " 1928 300090 150 297.542 50 2 radial velocities P* 79 Mittelstaedt-Birge 1928 299786 10 -6.458 775 8 Birge's correction R* 80 " Spencer-Jones, indirect " 1930.5 299630 60 -162.458 50 2 Eros observations P* 81 Pease/Pearson 1932.5 299774 10 -18.458 2885 5 Base = 1610.4 m. P* 82 Romanskaya (PO) 1935 299570 100 -222.458 14783 2 uncorrected P* 83 " Rabe, indirect" 1935.5 299920 60 127.542 50 2 gravitational P* 84 Anderson-Birge 1936.8 299771 10 -21.458 651 8 Birge's correction R* 85 HŸttel-Birge 1937 299771 10 -21.458 ? 8 Birge's correction R* 86 Anderson 1940 299776 10 -16.458 2895 8 systematic error P* 87 Essen/Gordon-Smith 1947 299798 3 5.542 3 9 P* 88 Essen/Gordon-Smith 1947 299792 3 -0.458 4 9 P* 89 Bergstrand 1949 299796 2 3.542 72 11 P* 90 Hansen/Bol 1950 299794.3 1.2 1.842 2 9 P* 91 Bergstrand 1950 299793.1 0.26 0.642 58 11 P* 92 Essen 1950 299792.5 1 0.042 5 9 P* 93 Aslakson 1951 299794.2 1.4 1.742 192 10 final accepted value P* 94 Bergstrand 1951 299793.1 0.4 0.642 44 11 P* 95 Froome 1951 299792.6 0.7 0.142 36 12 P* 96 Bergstrand (av date) 1953 299792.85 0.16 0.392 48 11 P* 97 Florman 1954 299795.1 3.1 2.642 110 12 P* 98 Froome 1954 299792.75 0.3 0.292 50 12 P* 99 "Rank, Shearer, Wiggins" 1954 299789.8 3 -2.658 50 13 "rerun of 148, error still there" P* 100 Scholdstrom 1955 299792.4 0.4 -0.058 50 11 P* 101 Plyler/Blaine/Connor 1955 299792 6 -0.458 58 13 P* 102 Wadley 1956 299792.9 2 0.442 40 14 P* 103 Wadley 1956 299792.7 2 0.242 24 14 P* 104 Edge 1956 299792.4 0.11 -0.058 50 11 P* 105 Edge 1956 299792.2 0.13 -0.258 50 11 P* 106 Rank/Bennett/Bennett 1956 299791.9 2 -0.558 50 13 final correct value of series P* 107 Wadley 1957 299792.6 1.2 0.142 14 14 P* 108 Froome 1958 299792.5 0.1 0.042 21 12 P* 109 Kolibayev (av. date) 1960 299792.6 0.06 0.142 23 11 P* 110 Karolus 1966 299792.44 0.2 -0.018 278 15 P* 111 Simkin et al. 1967 299792.56 0.11 0.102 70 16 P* 112 Grosse 1967 299792.5 0.05 0.042 50 11 P* 113 Bay/Luther/White 1972 299792.462 0.018 0.004 50 17 P* 114 NRC/NBS 1972 299792.46 0.006 0.002 50 17 P* 115 NRC/NBS 1973 299792.458 0.002 0 50 17 P* 116 Evenson et al. 1973 299792.4574 0.0011 -0.001 50 17 P* 117 Blaney et al. 1974 299792.459 0.0008 0.001 50 17 P* 118 Woods/Shotton/Rowley 1978 299792.4588 0.0002 0.001 64 17 P* 119 Baird/Smith/Whitford 1979 299792.4581 0.0019 0 50 17 P* 120 NBS (U. S.) 1983 299792.4586 0.0003 0.001 50 17 P* Mean "299,907.289" 53055052.94 000.000000 36429448.42 26 31 89 STDEV 553.29 MSSD 1.4563782 VAR 306129.8187 t Test 2.27